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<title>Rebound effect</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rebound effect</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the pharmacological term. For the energy conservation term, see <a href="Rebound_effect_(conservation)" title="Rebound effect (conservation)">Rebound effect (conservation)</a>.</div>

<p>The <b>rebound effect</b>, also known as the <b>rebound phenomenon</b>, refers to the re--emergence of <a href="Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> that were previously absent or controlled while on medication, which occur when the medication is discontinued or the dosage is reduced. In cases of re-emergence, the symptoms are often more severe than they were before treatment.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>The rebound effect, or <a href="Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> rebound phenomenon, is the emergence or re-emergence of <a href="Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued or reduced in dosage. In the case of re-emergence, the severity of the symptoms is often worse than pretreatment levels.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sedative_hypnotics">Sedative hypnotics</h3></div>

<p>Rebound insomnia is <a href="Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> that occurs following discontinuation of <a href="Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> substances taken to relieve primary insomnia. Regular use of these substances can cause a person to become <a href="Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">dependent</a> on their effects in order to fall asleep. Therefore, when a person has stopped taking the medication and is 'rebounding' from its effects, they may experience insomnia as a symptom of <a href="Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a>. Occasionally, this insomnia may be worse than the insomnia the drug was intended to treat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common medicines known to cause this problem are <a href="Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">eszopiclone</a>, <a href="Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a>, and <a href="Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytics</a> such as <a href="Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a> which are prescribed to people having difficulties falling or staying asleep.

</p><p>Rebound depression may appear to arise in patients previously free of such an illness.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Daytime rebound effects of anxiety, metallic taste, perceptual disturbances which are typical <a href="Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms">benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms</a> can occur the next day after a short-acting <a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> hypnotic wears off. Rebound phenomena do not necessarily only occur on discontinuation of a prescribed dosage. Another example is early morning rebound insomnia which may occur when a rapidly eliminated hypnotic wears off which leads to rebounding awakeness forcing the person to become wide awake before he or she has had a full night's sleep. One drug which seems to be commonly associated with these problems is <a href="Triazolam" title="Triazolam">triazolam</a>, due to its high potency and ultra short half-life, but these effects can occur with other short-acting <a href="Hypnotic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotic drugs">hypnotic drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a>, due to its selectivity for type1 benzodiazepine receptors and long half-life, does not cause daytime anxiety rebound effects during treatment, showing that half-life is very important for determining whether a nighttime <a href="Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a> will cause next-day rebound withdrawal effects or not.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daytime rebound effects are not necessarily mild but can sometimes produce quite marked psychiatric and psychological disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stimulants">Stimulants</h3></div>

<p>Rebound effects from <a href="Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a> such as <a href="Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> or <a href="Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> include <a href="Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">stimulant psychosis</a>, <a href="Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a> and a return of ADHD symptoms but in a temporarily exaggerated form.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to a third of ADHD children experience a rebound effect when methylphenidate is withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</h3></div>

<p>Many <a href="Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, including <a href="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRIs</a>, can cause rebound <a href="Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a>, <a href="Panic_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic attacks">panic attacks</a>, <a href="Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and <a href="Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> when discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antipsychotics">Antipsychotics</h3></div>

<p>Sudden and severe emergence<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or re-emergence<sup id="cite_ref-Moncrieff_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moncrieff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of psychosis may appear when <a href="Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a> are <a href="Antipsychotic_switching" title="Antipsychotic switching">switched</a> or <a href="Antipsychotic#Discontinuation" title="Antipsychotic">discontinued</a> too rapidly.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpha-2_adrenergic_agents">Alpha-2 adrenergic agents</h3></div>

<p>Rebound hypertension, above pre-treatment level, was observed after <a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discontinuation.

</p><p>Continuous usage of <a href="Topical_decongestant" title="Topical decongestant">topical decongestants</a> (<i><a href="Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">nasal sprays</a></i>) can lead to constant <a href="Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">nasal congestion</a>, known as <a href="Rhinitis_medicamentosa" title="Rhinitis medicamentosa">rhinitis medicamentosa</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanized_antibodies">Humanized antibodies</h3></div>

<p><a href="Denosumab" title="Denosumab">Denosumab</a> inhibits osteoclast recycling, which results in the accumulation of pre-osteoclasts and osteomorphs. When denosumab therapy is discontinued, the induced cells quite quickly and abundantly differentiate into osteoclasts causing <a href="Bone_resorption" title="Bone resorption">bone resorption</a> (rebound effect) and increasing the risk of fractures. For improving mineral bone density and preventing fractures after denosumab discontinuation, <a href="Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonate</a> administration is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_medications">Other medications</h3></div>

<p>Another example of <a href="Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> rebound is a <a href="Rebound_headache" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound headache">rebound headache</a> from painkillers when the dose is lowered, the medication wears off, or the drug is abruptly discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2022, reports of viral RNA and symptom rebound in people with <a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> treated with <a href="Paxlovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxlovid">Paxlovid</a> were published. In May, CDC even issued a health alert informing physicians about "Paxlovid rebounds", which received attention when US president <a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> experienced a rebound. The cause of the rebound is unclear however, since around a third of people with COVID-19 experience a symptom rebound regardless of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Abrupt withdrawal of highly potent <a href="Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, such as <a href="Clobetasol_propionate" title="Clobetasol propionate">clobetasol</a> for <a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, can cause a much more severe case of the psoriasis to develop. Therefore, withdrawal should be gradual, until very little actual medication is being applied.

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<ul><li><a href="Disuse_supersensitivity" title="Disuse supersensitivity">Disuse supersensitivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Supersensitivity_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersensitivity psychosis">Supersensitivity psychosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebound_headache" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound headache">Rebound headache</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Drug withdrawal</a></li>

<li><a href="Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">Unintended consequences</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBhanjiChouinardKolivakisMargolese2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bhanji NH, Chouinard G, Kolivakis T, Margolese HC (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412100436/http://www.cjcp.ca/pdf/CJCP_04-032_e69.pdf">"Persistent tardive rebound panic disorder, rebound anxiety and insomnia following paroxetine withdrawal: a review of rebound-withdrawal phenomena"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Can J Clin Pharmacol</i>. <b>13</b> (1): e69–74. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16456219">16456219</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjcp.ca/pdf/CJCP_04-032_e69.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-04-12.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorders301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> <a href="Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">substance-related disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Substance intoxication</a> / <a href="Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li>

<li><a href="Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">Substance-induced psychosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome" title="Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome">Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome</a> (PAWS)</li></ul></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> / <a href="Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">Substance-related disorders</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a> / <a href="Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a> / <a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined<br>substance use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Polysubstance_dependence" title="Polysubstance dependence">Polysubstance dependence</a></li></ul></li>

<li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Combined_drug_intoxication" title="Combined drug intoxication">Combined drug intoxication</a> (CDI)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SID</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</a> (ACM)</li>

<li><a href="Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">Alcohol flush reaction</a> (AFR)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a> (ALD):

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Zieve's_syndrome" title="Zieve's syndrome">Zieve's syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Auto-brewery_syndrome" title="Auto-brewery syndrome">Auto-brewery syndrome</a> (ABS)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_ketoacidosis" title="Alcoholic ketoacidosis">Alcoholic ketoacidosis</a> (AKA)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous<br> system diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol-related_dementia" title="Alcohol-related dementia">Alcohol-related dementia</a> (ARD)</li>

<li><a href="Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangover" title="Hangover">Hangover</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological<br> disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcoholic_polyneuropathy" title="Alcoholic polyneuropathy">Alcoholic polyneuropathy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol-related_brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol-related brain damage">Alcohol-related brain damage</a> (ARDB)</li>

<li><a href="Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">Alcohol withdrawal syndrome</a> (AWS):

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">Delirium tremens</a> (DTs)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a> (FASD)</li>

<li><a href="Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a> (KS)</li>

<li><a href="Marchiafava%E2%80%93Bignami_disease" title="Marchiafava–Bignami disease">Marchiafava–Bignami disease</a> (MBD)</li>

<li><a href="Positional_alcohol_nystagmus" title="Positional alcohol nystagmus">Positional alcohol nystagmus</a> (PAN)</li>

<li><a href="Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a> (WKS)</li>

<li><a href="Wernicke_encephalopathy" title="Wernicke encephalopathy">Wernicke encephalopathy</a> (WE)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory tract diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol-induced_respiratory_reactions" title="Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions">Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcoholic_lung_disease" title="Alcoholic lung disease">Alcoholic lung disease</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a> (alcohol use disorder (AUD))</li>

<li><a href="Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Caffeine-induced_anxiety_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder">Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Caffeine-induced_psychosis" title="Caffeine-induced psychosis">Caffeine-induced psychosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Caffeine-induced_sleep_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced sleep disorder">Caffeine-induced sleep disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Caffeinism" title="Caffeinism">Caffeinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Caffeine_withdrawal" title="Caffeine withdrawal">Caffeine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li>Cannabis arteritis</li>

<li><a href="Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li>

<li><a href="Intravenous_marijuana_syndrome" title="Intravenous marijuana syndrome">Intravenous marijuana syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li>

<li>Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">Cocaine intoxication</a></li>

<li><a href="Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a> (PCE)</li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Bad_trip" title="Bad trip">Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder" title="Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder">Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder</a> (HPPD)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Green_Tobacco_Sickness" title="Green Tobacco Sickness">Green Tobacco Sickness</a> (GTS)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></li>

<li><a href="Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">Opioid withdrawal</a></li>

<li><a href="Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a> (OIH)</li>

<li><a href="Opioid-induced_endocrinopathy" title="Opioid-induced endocrinopathy">Opioid-induced endocrinopathy</a> (OIE)</li>

<li><a href="Opioid-induced_constipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid-induced constipation">Opioid-induced constipation</a> (OIC)</li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a> (OUD)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedative</a> /<br><a href="Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Kindling_(sedative%E2%80%93hypnotic_withdrawal)" title="Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)">Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>:</i> SID

<ul><li><a href="Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></li>

<li><a href="Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Benzodiazepine_use_disorder" title="Benzodiazepine use disorder">Benzodiazepine use disorder</a> (BUD)</li>

<li><a href="Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a>:</i> SID

<ul><li><a href="Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate overdose</a></li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>:</i> SUD

<ul><li><a href="Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Solvent" title="Solvent">Volatile<br> solvent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>SID

<ul><li><a href="Sudden_sniffing_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden sniffing death syndrome">Sudden sniffing death syndrome</a> (SSDS)</li>

<li><a href="Toluene_toxicity" title="Toluene toxicity">Toluene toxicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Volatile_inhalant_withdrawal" title="Volatile inhalant withdrawal">Inhalant withdrawal</a></li></ul></li>

<li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalant abuse</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">Anabolic-androgenic steroids</a></i>

<ul><li>SUD

<ul><li><a href="Anabolic-androgenic_steroids_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse">Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chocoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocoholic">Chocoholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cocaine-induced_midline_destructive_lesions" title="Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions">Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions</a></li>

<li><a href="Levamisole_induced_necrosis_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Levamisole induced necrosis syndrome">Levamisole induced necrosis syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">Meth mouth</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Rebound_effect&oldid=1301880871">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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